2.6 The Birth of Democracy

Throughout the turbulent era of the Persian wars, Athens built a powerful democratic political system that held the city together and made her unique in the world. Since time immemorial, Greek cities had developed power-sharing institutions, as was evident even in reactionary Sparta: there were two kings, a council of elders, and an assembly of citizens. Most cities in Greece had long ago gotten rid of their kings, but the number of full-fledged citizens typically was small, about three thousand, consisting of wealthy landowners, who also owned horses and hence could serve in the cavalry as knights. But in Athens a series of reforms broadened the base of citizenship to include the middle class.

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